An analysis of out of schoolchildren factors: A case study of Pakistan
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The role of human capital in the form education is imperative in the pace of national economic development of any country. In Pakistan, several children are not going to school, which is a matter of great concern. Therefore, this study aims to explore factors determining children not going to schools in Pakistan. This study is based on secondary data taken from the World Bank (2019), for the period 2002 to 2017. The results show that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population growth are significantly correlated with child labor, while GDP per capita is negatively and population growth is positively correlated with child labor. There is insignificant and positive correlation of inflation with child labor. The study concludes that poverty is the root cause of out of schoolchildren in Pakistan. The study suggests that government should play its role in controlling population growth by adopting various appropriate measures. Inflation should also be controlled especially in case of those commodities used by poor people. Government intervention is also necessary to raise GDPPC by adopting various measures such as free education, vocational training, and provision of loans to poor families. Government can also adopt awareness campaign through media.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
- for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
References
Abbasi, K. (2019) “22.84m children in Pakistan still out of school, says official report” www.dawn.com/news/1418208
Ahmad, SS., Haider, W. and Khan, D. (2012) “Determinants of child labor in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa: An Econometric analysis”. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Paper No. 73526, 2016 08:29 UTC
Ailaan, A. (2015) 10 Alarming statistics about Pakistan’s out- of- schoolchildren. https://www.dawn.com/news/1139423.
Azam, M. and Ahmed, M. A. (2015). Role of human capital and foreign direct investment in promoting economic growth: evidence from Commonwealth of Independent States. International Journal of Social Economics, 42(2), 98-111.
Azam, M., Khan, H. & Khan, F. (2020). Testing Malthusian's and Kremer's population theories in developing economy, International Journal of Social Economics, 47(4), 523-538
Azam, M. (2018). Governance and economic growth: evidence from 14 Latin America and Caribbean Countries. Working paper.
Benz, A. (2012) “The crisis of school education in Pakistan of government’s failure and new hopes in the growing private education sector”. Internationales Asienforum, 43 (3-4), 223-244.
Bakar, A N. A., Haseeb, M., & Azam, M. (2014). The nexus between education and economic growth in Malaysia: cointegration and Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. Actual Problems of Economics, 12(162), 131-141
Brown, DK, Deardorff, AV. And Stern, RM. (2002) “The determinants of child labor: Theory and evidence”. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1220 Discussion paper No. 486
Duncan, A. (2013) “Education: The most powerful weapon for changing the world”. blog.usaid.gov/2013/04/education-the-most-powerful-weapon/
Das, J., Pandey, P. and Zajonc, T. (2006) “Learning Levels and Gaps in Pakistan”. World Bank Policy, Research Working Paper 4067, November 2006
Dessy, SE. (2001) “A Defense of Compulsive Measures against Child Labor” Journal of Development Economics, 62(1), 261-275
Dubhslaine, A. (2006), “The white paper on education: A failure to invest” Student Economic Review, .20, 115
Ibrahim, A., Abdalla,SM.,Jafar,M., Abdelgadir, J. and Vries, N.(2019) “Child labor and health: a systematic literature review of the impacts of child labor on child’s health in low and middle income countries”, Journal of Public Health”, 41(1),18-26
Khan, M. A., and Khan, S. (2018). Inflation and the economic growth: evidence from Five Asian Countries. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, 28(2), 235-252
Khan, R., Khan, F., Akbar, H., & Naz, S., (2020). The status of total quality management of public and private sector universities in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, (13), (1), 2020.
Khan, F., Yasmeen, G, Sofian MUF, & Javid, M. U., (2019a). Exploring the effect of terrorism on education sector: a case study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. City University Research Journal 9(2), 340-349
Khan, S., Khan, F, & Naz, S., (2019b). A survey of teachers motivational Level in Government Secondary Schools of District Mardan. Global Regional Review (GRR), IV(II) 263 ‒ 271
King, E. (2011) “Education is fundamental to development to development and growth . blogs.worldbank. org/education/education-is-fundamental –to-development-and-growth.
Learning Liftoff (2015) “Top reasons why children refuse to go to school”. From www.learningliftoff.com/top-reasons-why-children-refuse-to-go-to-school/
Mahmood, M., Javaid, T. and Baig, A. (1994) “Why children do not go to school in Pakistan. Some estimates and a theoretical frame work”. The Pakistan Development Review 33(4), 1231-1248
Muhammad, A. (2016). Does governance and foreign capital inflows affect economic development in OIC countries? Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 37(4) 21-50
Muhammad, A., (2019). Inequality and economic growth in Asia and the Pacific region. African and Asian Studies, 18 (3) 288-314
Qureshi, M.G., Nazir, S. and Hina, H. (2014)” Child work and schooling in Pakistan. To what extent poverty and other demographic and parental background matter”? Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. working papers No. 105.
Rehmatullah. (2019) “Education system in Pakistan” from www.google.com/amp/s/rehmatblogger.com/education-system-Pakistan/amp/ampshare=https://rehmatbiogger.com/education-system-Pakistan/
Ozturk I (2001) “ The role of education in economic development : A theoretical perspective. Journal of Rural Development and Administration” 33(1), 39-47
Radcliffe, B (2018) “How education and training affect the economy”. www. Investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/education-training-advantages.asp
Srivastava, K. (2011), ”Child labor issues and challenges”, Industrial Psychiatry Journal 20(1): 1-3, doi:10.410310972-6748.98406, PMCID:PMC3425238, PMID:22969172
Tribune.com.pk/story/946594/why-25-million-children-are-out-of-school-in-Pakistan/ampshare=https://tribune.com.pk/story/946594/why-25-million-children-are- out-of-school-in-Pakistan/
UNESCO (2017) “Role of education” Social and Human Science , Fight Against Discrimination
Watt, E. (2014) “10 reasons why children don’t go to school”. Theirworld.org/news/10-reasons-why children-don-8217-t-go-to-school.
Zaid, N., Javed, N. and Khan, MS. (2013)” Child labor in Pakistan-a tip of an iceberg” Journal of Postgrad Medical Institution; 27(3): 285-9
World Development Indicators (2019), The World Ban publication